Breandan Haley 26-30

Category 8 - Organisms in different plant divisions

Bryophyte

This moss is an example of a bryophyte. Bryophytes typically release spores in order to spread their gametes for reproduction. A unique characteristic for bryophytes is the haploid-diploid alteration of generations. This means that in one generation the organism will be a diploid, but as it cycles through the the next generation, that next generation will be haploid. 

Seedless Vascular

This fern is an example of a Seedless Vascular plant. Differing from the bryophytes, seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue, which functions as structure and nutrient transport for the fern. As the name would suggest, seedless vascular plants do not use seeds, but similarly to bryophytes, use spores in order to spread their gametes. 

Gymnosperm
This pine is an example of a gymnosperm. A gymnosperm's most significant development is the fact that is develops seeds open to the air in ovules. These cones are then dropped or picked off from the plant and spread to another location. They then germinate and grow in that location, continuing the species.

Angiosperm
These flowers are examples of angiosperms. Angiosperms are flowering plants that use pollen to transfer their male gametes. The pollen is then transferred to other flowers where the eggs are contained. The eggs are then fertilized and the flowers drops the seeds and the flowers grow. 

30. #33 - Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue is a tissue used by the body as a covering for the body. It is used to contain organs and bodily fluids. The most common example of epithelial tissue is the skin. My picture shows cracked skin on my hand (which happens to be where I burn myself time and time again on the grill at work...). 

My whole ap bio project(peter Whelan)

Sorry i was at camp for 9 weeks where cameras were banned got back and have been working on this since 

40:Frond: This is a frond of a fern where its a large system of evenly divided leaves. 

75. Pollen

The dandelion is a good example of a source for pollen in the summer and springtime. The pollen is in the yellow area of the plant. The bright color also helps attract potential pollinators to carry the pollen from one pley to the other and be a more accurate way of dispersing pollen. Pollen is dandelion way of spreading its sperm so the next generation can begin. 

11:autotroph: This is the genereric word for producer. This small plant makes the compounds it needs to survive through the use of photosynthesis. 

84. Seed Dispersal

An apple is an example of seed dispersal through animals. The tree puts a lot of energy into making the apple more appetizing to animals because if there fruiting bodies are appetizing animals will eat them. This may seem counterproductive but the seeds inside the apple have evolved to go through the animal’s digestive system and spread out over a greater distance thus giving the seed a greater chance of success.

46. Gymnosperm cone (female)

            This simple pinecone is an example of a female cone of a gymnosperm in this example it’s a pine tree. The female pinecone objective to receive pollen from another pine tree and the pollen is carried by the wind, however the success rate for any one pollen is relatively slim. One the sperm enters the female cone it is fertilized and is ready to grow a pine tree.  

33.Epithelial Tissue

The visible portion of my arm and hand is my epithelial tissue the skin outlining my body protecting my system from the outside world. Epithelial tissue acts as protective tissue from other harms. 

 72:parasitism: (The little black dot) this little fella i found crawling around in my hair its a very small tick. Ticks are a good example of parasitism because they latch on to an animal and use the animals blood for nutrients. They also carry many diseases so the animal gains nothing in return and will be negativly effected by the tick. This one way benefit means the tick is a parasite.

74:Phloem: This was a small tree outside of my house it was cut down recently so the inside should still be alive. The Phloem is the part of a tree where there are living cells this is the center of the tree. As the tree grows older it produces more cells at the living part of the tree and pushes outward. Eventually the area inside the cells are flushed out of the tree leaving behind the cell wall which becomes the xylem. 

86. Gametophyte: only part of the moss is a Gametophyte the life cycle of moss uses spores but the green moss that he think of has a haploid and a diploid stage the stage that we see is the moss as a Gametophyte. 

94:Xylem: This tree was cut down years ago. The area where the name tag is is the xylem of a tree. The xylem are cells that had the area inside of the cell walls flushed out leaving behind just the cell wall these form    tubes up and down the tree where water can be moved to when needed. 

51: Homologous structures: These are similar anatomical features like feet and arms of dogs compared to the feet and arms of humans the reason we have similar structures is because we both evolved from the same animal with a similar feature in bone structure.

27:Detritavore: These mushrooms i found growing on a dead log and is an example of a detritavore they obtain there needed nutrients from decaying plant matter for instance this mushroom is absorbing the rotting tree. 

7: Anther and filament of stamen (not the purple part but the small yellow lines with the yellow circle at the end) The stamen is the pollen producing part of the plant. The anther is where the pollen is stored and the filament connects the anther to the rest of the plant. 

69: Mycelium: This is the underside of a log covered with fungus. The mycelium are the white lines you can see spread out around the log. it is the vegetative part of the mushroom and the part that we normally think of as the mushroom is really just a fruiting body of the mycelium. 

 63: Meristem: at the tip of the vine is the meristem the area of the plant where the cells will out from and the area where it will assign when a leaf will grow out to the side.

85:Spore: this is a dandelion spore it has evolved to have the white part that gets transported miles and miles away from the source because of the wind. Dandelions utilize the wind because the farther away the spore lands the greater chance of diversity so the greater chance of survival. 

15: Bilateral symmetry: if you cut the lobster in half down the middle both sides would be symmetrical like a mirror image but if you cut it in half down the side then the top side would look nothing close to what the bottom side would look like, 

36:eukaryote: This is a very general term for an organism made up of more than one cell and each cell is made up of more complex structures and each cell has a nucleus. These green beans here are an example of a eukaryote  because they are made up of more complex cells 

58:lichen: Lichen is not one participial organism there are numerous different types of lichen and any one lichen is made up of different organism most of the time being a type of fungus and alga that work together for the common goal of survival. 

2:Adaptation of a plant: The flowers bright colors are an adaptation because they have evolved into being brighly colored because it helps attract potential pollinators who will then spread its pollen. This is an adaptation the plant has acquired over time 

91:Tropism: Out side of my house we cut down a tree recently that would be very close to me in the photo. The tree grew taller and faster than the bush that you see in the photo did. because the bush required more light it slowly grew out and away from the tree that was taking up all the sunlight in a crowed area this is a perfect example of a tropism or a movement of a plant due to changing condition like the tree. 

4: amniotic egg: The egg is outfitted with the nutrients required for the fetal chick to survive and use as it ages inside of the egg. The egg also protects the fetus from the outside world. One of the main problems with this system is it cannot heat itself and must be heated by the mother sitting on it.

 50:Homeostasis: These littleneck clams maintain constant internal temperatures and condition with their shell protecting them. They have the ability to open and close their shell at will.

54: Introduced species: In the great lakes one boat had a few zebra muscles on the boat that broke off. These muscles came from Europe and once  introduced into the lake environment in america they flourished and became quite invasive as birds had trouble eating them due to their sharp edges. It just shows the damage on mistake could make. 

28: Dominant vs recessive phenotype: My extreme example of a hitchhikers thumb is a recessive trait that neither my mom nor my dad can do so i must have got it from a more distant relative  

25:connective tissue: is the main tissue in your bone. i have broken this bone before in my life skiing 

53:Hydrophobic : simply put means insoluble in water most oils are this way here is me pouring out some canola oil.

52:hydrophobic: salt is extremely soluble in water just look at the ocean here is a pile of salt  

30: endosperm: is the nutrients that is given to the seed so it can have a better chance at surviving in the wild once it separates. This is half of a peach and the inside of a peach has a seed and the rest of it is endosperm so that seed has a better chance of survival 

Sarah B's Last Two!!!

Fermentation

Fermentation is the process by which sugars are broken down into cellular energy, the products being ethanol and carbon dioxide. When you let bread (with yeast) rise, this is exactly what is happening.

Lichen

Yes, I know that is a tree, not lichen. But if you look to the bottom right hand corner of said tree, you'll see this grayish blue stuff growing on the tree. This is lichen. Put simply, lichens are partnerships between a fungus and an algae which grow symbiotically. Lichens are extremely resilient and can be found in habitats everywhere from deserts to the arctic.

Sarah B's 16-28

Mating Behavior

This is actually a video that I took, so I'm not sure its gonna work. If you can't get it to play, I'll just tell you, its the sound of crickets chirping, more accurately known as stridulation. There are four different types of cricket stridulation. First is the Calling Sound. It is quite loud and used to attract females while repelling other males at the same time. The Courting Song is used when a female is close and is very quiet. There is a certain chirp which is used when one male cricket senses another male cricket, it is quite aggressive. Lastly there is a short song which is used after mating has occurred.

Radial Symmetry

 This is a picture of a type of sea urchin shell. The shell is radially symmetrical meaning that it has no clear sides other than it's top and bottom. The entirety of the shell radiates out from a vertical axis which passes through it's center. 

Gymnosperm Leaf

This is a picture of Pine Needles. Pine trees are gymnosperms, meaning that they possess a vascular system and produce seeds but do not have flowers. 

Basidiomycete

 Its kind of hard to see in this photo, but this is a mushroom. More importantly, it is a gilled mushroom , (meaning it has those parallel flaps under the top, like Portebellos) and therefore a basiodiomycete. Basidiomycota is a phylum in the Fungi Kingdom.

Ectotherm

This is a fish I found while sailing today. Sadly he is dead. But before he died, he was an ectotherm. Being an ectotherm means that you largely rely on your environment to regulate your body temperature and subsequently your metabolic processes.

Auxin producing area of a plant

Auxin is a plant hormone which, in short, triggers growth and controls plant behavior. In this picture you see newly developed grape tomatoes, which are still growing. The effect the auxin has in this scenario is isodiametric expansion, or fruit growth.

Anther and Filament of Stamen

As you can see in this picture, part of a flower has been removed to expose the stamen and pistil within. The stamen consists of an anther and a filament. The anthers are the yellow fuzzy things on top of the skinny tubes. They are covered in pollen, a flower's sperm. When a pollinator comes to this flower either attracted by its color or by the promise of a tasty snack, it will inadvertently cover itself in pollen from the anther. When it then flies to another flower it will transfer said pollen to the second flower's stigma.

Heterotroph
 
This is a picture of my dog Charlie. Charlie, like you and me and mushrooms, is a heterotroph. This means that instead of fixing  carbon from the air, he must consume carbon in organic compounds. Charlies metabolism can then brake down these compounds and use the carbon for growth.

Stigma and style of carpel

 
The carpel is a female reproductive organ of a flower. It consists of a stigma, style and ovary. When pollen is transferred to a flower by a pollinator, it lands on the stigma. Here, a pollen tube will penetrate the carpel from the pollen grain and create a tunnel of sorts through the style to the ovary. It will then connect to a single ovule (gamete) and the sperm from the pollen grain will travel down the tube to fertilize an ovule.

Flower Ovary

 This is an ovary of a flower. As you can see it has been cut open to show the ovules. The ovary is the part of the carpel which houses the ovules, or female gametes. Once these gametes have been fertilized, the ovules will become seeds and the ovary will mature into fruit. It can then fall, or be carried to another location by an animal, where the seeds will plant and grow into a new flower.

Autotroph

This spider plant is an autotroph. Autotrophs take simple elements from their environment and fix them into complex molecules.This spider plant does this in a process known as photosynthesis. During this process the plant will fix six carbon dioxide molecules with six water molecules with the energy of the sun to produce glucose and oxygen.

Detritivore

This is a slug. Slugs are detritivores, meaning they consume dead or decaying plant and animal mater, even feces, for nutrients.

Pollen

This yellow looking stuff on my fingers is pollen. Pollen is produced on the anthers of flowers and acts as the flowers sperm. When the pollen lands on a stigma, it will create a pollen tube stretching all the way down through the style to the ovary. Here it ill allow the sperm within the pollen to fertilize a single ovule.

Chartrand 1-30

#1 - Amniotic Egg

This egg is an example of an amniotic egg. The amniotic egg's most obvious feature is its shell, which gives protection and also allows eggs to be laid in much drier climates than previously required. It was a key development in allowing animals to move onto land and shed some dependence on water.

 #2 - Anther and Filament of a Stamen
This flower shows very clearly the anther and filament of the male reproductive organ in most flowers, the stamen. The filament is the stalk that supports the anther and the anther produces pollen, which is then transported by various means, such as pollinators or wind, to the female reproductive elements of the flower.

 #3 - C3 Plant
C3 plants are the most abundant of the three types on earth, they thrive in temperate areas where there is plenty of water. They do not have the ability to close their stomata which would allow them to prevent water loss, thus they lose much of the water they take in and require more water as a consequence.

 #4 - C4 Plant
C4 plants differ from C3 plants in that they have a system that is better at removing carbon dioxide and wastes less oxygen. The result is a plant that uses water more efficiently and can survive in drier conditions such as drought, as well as the ability to endure higher temperatures.

 #5 - CAM Plant
CAM plants such as this cactus have the unique ability to actually close their stomata during the day, this allows them to prevent evaporation of valuable and scarce water during the day. They use a similar carbon fixation process as C4 plants giving it similar advantages.

 #6 - Connective Tissue
This clam is a great example of connective tissue, the tissue that holds clam closed and allows it to open is actually connective tissue. Connective tissue is the tissue that connects everything in the body. It holds the bones together, connects the skin to the muscles, and also protects many vital organs.

 #7 - Ectotherm
An ectotherm, such as this snake, is an organism that does not produce a significant amount of heat internally and relies on its surrounding environment to regulate its body temperatures. Ectotherms are mostly reptiles, amphibians, and insects.

 #8 - Endotherm
This dog is an example of an endotherm. Endotherms do not rely on the environment to regulate their body temperature. Instead, they produce heat internally through a number of processes. Endotherms also have specialized features to conserve the heat they produce, such as fur or hair to insulate from cold and trap in heat.

 #9 - Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue is the tissue that covers and protects animals and plants. In humans it is a major part of the immune system as it acts as a wall to any infection by bacteria or virus. It also helps to regulate what molecules go into and out of the body.

 #10 - Exoskeleton
These lobsters are one of the many species of animals and insects that, instead of having bones, have an exoskeleton. Exoskeletons are used for both support and protection, in other words, they keep the animal from being a gelatinous blob and can also protect it from predators, to an extent.

 #11 - Fermentation
These pickled vegetables are perfect examples of fermentation, the process in which sugars are broken down into alcohol or acids.Fermentation also has many other uses, most commonly in the production of alcoholic drinks such as wine and beer, but also in the making of bread, cheese, and yogurt.

 #12 - Flower Ovary
This is a picture of a flower's ovary with the petals and other parts removed. The ovary is where the pollen will end up and fertilize the flower. A flower's ovary will often become a fruit as a method of seed dispersal in which animals eat the fallen fruit, or ovary, and then excrete it at a later time hopefully in a different area, so the flower can spread.

#13 - Frond
Frond refers to the leaves of a fern, and possibly to the leaves of cycads and palms. It almost exclusively covers leaves that are divided into many smaller sections along the center. An interesting feature of fern fronds is where the sporangia appear, which is usually in clusters on the abaxial side of the frond.

 #14 - Gymnosperm Cone
This is a picture of two female pine cones found dropped from a few pine trees. The female cone receives the pollen from the male cones. Once the ovules under each flap are fertilized they will become seeds and then disperse and hopefully will end up as more trees. 

 #15 - Gymnosperm Leaves
This small pile of pine needles is a collection of dead gymnosperm leaves. These leaves often cover most of the younger branches of pine tress and can last for many years in some species. The needles stay green in the winter which is the reason pines are often referred to as "evergreen" trees.

 #16 - Hydrophobic
This example of a hydrophobic substance, in this case olive oil, demonstrates a very distinctive separation between the oil and the water. The reason this happens is because the oil molecules structure can not bind with the water molecule, thus preventing the oil from dissolving and creating a homogeneous mixture, and instead creating a heterogeneous mixture in which the oil sits on top of the water because it is lighter. 

 #17 - Introduced Species
Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a flowering plant native to Europe,Asia, and parts of Africa and Australia. The plant is also an invasive species in North America and New Zealand. Common in the northeast United States, it spreads alarmingly fast and is hard to get rid of. It crowds out many important plant species when it enters an area, mainly cattails, and can severly disrupt an ecosystem.

 #18 - Keystone Species
Many keystone species reside in this wetland area around the great bay. A keystone species is a species that many other parts of an ecosystem depend on, directly or indirectly. If for example, one of these species were to fail, another species would lose its food source and that population would dwindle, then that species predator would also have less food and the same would happen to them, and so on and so forth until the effects reach the apex predator of the ecosystem.

 #19 - Lichen
Lichens are a composite organism consisting of a fungus and some sort of photosynthetic organism. The fungus usually coats the photosynthetic plant, sometimes even penetrating the cells. Lichens can survive with very little water and thus can grow on many surfaces, commonly rocks and trees, where there is less competition.

 #20 - Long-Day Plant
Long-day plants such as the clover pictured here, are plants that flower once the days have grown long enough for it to support a flower. This is usually done by a chemical reaction involving various proteins. This process helps plants to flower at the ideal time for reproduction.

 #21 - Meristem
This picture of the root system of an uprooted swiss chard plant is a perfect example of the meristem of a plant. The meristem is the place where actual root growth takes place, and is what pushes through the dirt searching for water and nutrients for the plant to keep growing.

 #22 - Mycelium
The mycelium shown here is that of a stinkhorn, a foul smelling mushroom found in many parts of the world. Mycelium is very similar to a root system of plants in some ways, as it collects nutrients from the area to support the fungi, it is the vegetative part of the fungus.

 #23 - Phloem
Phloem is the carrier of nutrients in plants, the phloem is actually part of the bark and is composed of living cells. It carries mainly sucrose, a sugar vital to the plant, as well as an assortment of other nutrients that plants require.

 #24 - Pollinator
This picture of a bee on a wildflower is an example of a pollinator. Pollinators are what many plants rely on to transport their pollen from the stamen to the style. Pollinators are lured in often by nectar or scent, and when the land on the plant they pick up some of the pollen then, when they land on another plant some of that pollen rubs off and fertilizes the plant.

 #25 - Rhizome
A rhizome is the stem or stalk of a plant that, instead of being above ground, is actually underground. This allows for multiple plants to grow from one root system and makes plants like this very difficult to remove, due to the possibility of extensive root systems.

 #26 - Seed Dispersal
These dandelions are the perfect example of seed dispersal by wind. When the wind blows hard enough these seeds will be blow off of the plant and disperse so that more dandelions can grow elsewhere. They are helped along by a light feathery puff that is attached to the seed so that the seed can catch the wind and travel farther.

 #27 - Segmented Body
This ant is an example of a segmented insect. The ant's organs are divided between two to three different segments that each houses a different set of organs. It's legs are also considered segmented.

 #28 - Spores
This stinkhorn structure that appears just before the mushroom contains spores that will then be released by the mushroom to spread the fungi even farther. Spores are an important part of plant reproduction and function as a type of seed.

 #29 - Stigma and Style of Carpel
The stigma and style, or carpel, is part of the female reproductive system of flowers. The stigma receives pollen produced by the anther, the pollen the travels down the style and into the ovary where it will fertilize an ovule and eventually produce a seed.

#30 - Xylem
Xylem are the main composition of wood and are what transports water throughout the plant. Xylem are composed of dead cells mainly. Xylem also form the rings that are visible in many trees with the darker, smaller, and more compact xylem forming early in the growing season when water is plentiful, and the larger and lighter xylem forming later in the season when less water is available.